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PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION TO COMMON LAW SYSTEM3

CHAPTER 1 COMMON LAW3

1.1 Law3

1.2 Common Law4

1.3 Law versus Equity7

1.4 Statutory Law versus Case Law10

1.5 Summary12

New Words and Expressions13

Review Questions16

CHAPTER 2 COMMON LAW COURT SYSTEM18

2.1 The English Court System18

2.1.1 Magistrates'Courts—For Both Civil and Criminal Cases18

2.1.2 County Courts—For Civil Cases Only19

2.1.3 Crown Court—For Criminal Cases Only20

2.1.4 High Court—For Both Civil and Criminal Cases20

2.1.5 Court of Appeal—For Both Civil and Criminal Cases23

2.1.6 Final Court of Appeals24

2.1.7 European Court of Justice26

2.2 The American Court System26

2.2.1 The Federal Courts26

2.2.2 State Courts29

New Words and Expressions33

Review Questions39

CHAPTER 3 SOURCES OF LAW40

3.1 Sources of Law in England40

3.1.1 The European Union Law40

3.1.2 Statutory law41

3.1.3 Case Law41

3.2 Sources of Law in the United States41

3.2.1 Constitutions42

3.2.2 Statutes43

3.2.3 Administrative Regulations43

3.2.4 Case Law44

New Words and Expressions44

Review Questions45

CHAPTER 4 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS47

4.1 Commencement of the Proceeding—Pretrial47

4.1.1 Filing with the Court:Complaint47

4.1.2 Service of Process48

4.1.3 The Response:Motion,Answer,and Reply48

4.1.4 Discovery49

4.2 Trial Date and Jury Selection50

4.2.1 Trial Date Assignment50

4.2.2 Jury Selection51

4.2.3 Preliminary Instructions of Law52

4.3 Trial53

4.3.1 Opening Statements53

4.3.2 Plaintiff's Case in Chief53

4.3.3 Defendant's Case in Chief55

4.3.4 Closing Arguments56

4.3.5 Jury Instructions56

4.3.6 Verdict57

4.3.7 Motions58

4.3.8 Judgment60

4.4 Appeal61

4.5 Summary62

New Words and Expressions65

Review Questions71

PART Ⅱ CASE LAW75

CHAPTER 5 DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS75

5.1 Rule of Precedent75

5.2 Doctrine of Stare Decisis75

5.3 The Function of Stare Decisis77

5.4 Courts Affected by Stare Decisis82

5.4.1 The Courts in England82

5.4.2 The Courts in the United States83

5.5 Components of a Judicial Decision84

5.6 Types of Judicial Decisions85

5.6.1 Majority Opinion85

5.6.2 Dissenting Opinion86

5.6.3 Concurring Opinion86

5.7 Different Ways to Use Precedents87

5.7.1 Following Prior Precedents88

5.7.2 Distinguishing Prior Precedents88

5.7.3 Overruling Prior Precedents88

New Words and Expressions89

Review Questions91

CHAPTER 6 COMMON LAW REASONING94

6.1 Typical Types of Common Law Reasoning94

6.1.1 Deductive and Inductive Reasoning94

6.1.2 Analogy and Distinction94

6.1.3 Arguments in Common Law Reasoning96

6.2 Techniques and Arguments Used with Case Authorities97

6.2.1 Favorable Authorities97

6.2.2 Adverse Authorities98

6.3 Illustration of the Common Law Reasoning98

6.3.1 Fletcher v. Rylands—The Establishment of the Rule99

6.3.2 Rylands v. Fletcher—Modification of the Rule109

6.3.3 Rickards v. Lothian—Exceptions to the Rule116

6.3.4 Read v. Lyons—Interpretation and Application of the Rule127

6.3.5 Turner v. Big Lake Oil Co.—The Impact of the Rule on the U.S.Courts144

6.3.6 Foster v. Preston Mill Co.—A Later Case Decided By a U.S.Court162

6.3.7 Siegler v. Kuhlman—Adoption of the Rylands Rule169

6.3.8 Clay v. Missouri Highway＆Transportation Commission—New Development187

New Words and Expressions199

Review Questions210

CHAPTER 7 CASE REPORTING SYSTEMS212

7.1 Law Reports in England212

7.1.1 Law Reports212

7.1.2 Format of a Case in the Law Reports212

7.2 Case Reporters in the United States215

7.2.1 Case Reporters215

7.2.2 Case Digests217

7.2.3 Format of a Case in the Case Reporters218

7.3 Case Names and Citations222

7.3.1 Case Names223

7.3.2 Case Citations224

New Words and Expressions226

Review Questions229

PART Ⅲ CASE ANALYSIS233

CHAPTER 8 CASE ANALYSIS233

8.1 Basic Structure of a Judicial Opinion233

8.1.1 Different Types of Opinions234

8.1.2 Common Actions of a Court236

8.1.3 Essential Elements of an Opinion238

8.2 Procedural History242

8.3 Statement of Facts244

8.4 Issue247

8.5 Holding249

8.6 Reasons and Policies254

8.7 Judgment255

8.8 Summary255

8.9 Case Brief Exercises256

8.9.1 Exercise 1:Katko v. Briney256

8.9.2 Exercise 2:Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co266

8.9.3 Exercise 3:Barnes v. Treece281

8.10 Sample Case Briefs289

8.10.1 Katko v. Briney289

8.10.2 Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co290

8.11 Summary292

New Words and Expressions293

Review Questions300

PART Ⅳ LEGAL DOCUMENT DRAFTING303

CHAPTER 9 MEMORANDA DR AFTING303

9.1 Common Law Analyses303

9.2 Principles of Drafting305

9.3 Writing Techniques307

9.4 Elements of a Memorandum308

9.5 Heading316

9.6 Questions Presented316

9.7 Brief Answers320

9.8 Statement of Facts321

9.9 Discussion323

9.10 Conclusion326

9.11 Summary328

9.12 Drafting Exercise329

New Words and Expressions335

Review Questions335

REFERENCES336

APPENDIX338